Question 1 (4 points)
Saved
If Iron man and Captain America are true heroes then they will ensure the safety of Black Panther's father. They are not true heroes since they did not ensure the safety of Black Panther's father. H=Iron man and Captain America are true heroes, F= they ensure the safety of Black Panther's father.

Question 1 options:

The form of this argument is If H then F, not F so Not H and it is invalid.

The form of this argument is If H then F, not H so Not F and it is valid.

The form of this argument is If H then F, not H so Not F and it is invalid.

The form of this argument is If H then F, not F so Not H and it is valid.

Question 2 (2 points)
Saved
Physical laws are necessary because physical laws are either necessary or physical laws can be changed and physical laws cannot be changed.

Question 2 options:

The form of this argument is N or C, not C so N and it is valid.

The form of this argument is N or C, not C so N and it is invalid.

The form of this argument is N or C, C so N and it is invalid.

The form of this argument is N, C or N so not C and it is invalid.

Question 3 (6 points)
Saved
Water has many similarities to coffee. Both are liquid, both can be served hot or cold. Coffee can stain things if it spills. Therefore, water can stain things if it spills.

Question 3 options:

This argument is valid because you should always use a coaster.

This argument is an analogy. It is weak because the similarities are not that relevant to the property being argued for. Also, there is a relevant dissimilarity in that coffee is dark from being soaked in the coffee beans and thus stains while water is clear.

This argument is an analogy. It is strong because of the listed similarities.

This argument is an argument from authority and is weak because we don't know if we should trust the speaker.

This argument is an analogy. It is weak because the similarities are not that relevant to the property in the conclusion.

Question 4 (1 point)
Saved
Any argument with all true premises and a true conclusion is valid because validity is defined as having all true premises and a true conclusion.

Question 4 options:
True
False
Question 5 (1 point)
Saved
All valid arguments have the possibility of true premises and a true conclusion.

Question 5 options:
True
False
Question 6 (1 point)
Saved
All (technically) cogent arguments have the possibility of all true premises and a false conclusion.

Question 6 options:
True
False
Question 7 (1 point)
Saved
All invalid arguments have the possibility of all true premises and a true conclusion.

Question 7 options:
True
False
Question 8 (1 point)
Saved
All valid arguments are cogent because all cogent arguments are strong and valid arguments are logically strong.

Question 8 options:
True
False
Question 9 (1 point)
Saved
Any argument with all false premises and a false conclusion must be invalid because valid arguments have all true premises.

Question 9 options:
True
False
Question 10 (4 points)
Saved
If Captain America is a hero then he will make sure the boy a Hydra agent threw into the water was safe before chasing the agent. Thus, Captain America is a hero because he did make sure the boy a Hydra agent threw into the water was safe before chasing the agent. C=captain America is a hero. B=He makes sure the boy a Hydra agent threw into the water is safe before chasing the agent

Question 10 options:

The form of this argument is If C then B, not C so B. This argument is valid.

The form of this argument is If C then B, B, so C. This argument is invalid.

The form of this argument is If C then B, C so B, This argument is valid.

The form of this argument is If C then B, not B so C. This argument is invalid.

Question 11 (3 points)
Saved
The following argument is sound: Droba is 5'9" and blonde So, Droba is 5'9".

Question 11 options:
True
False
Question 12 (1 point)
Saved
All invalid arguments are uncogent because cogent arguments have to be valid.

Question 12 options:
True
False
Question 13 (2 points)
Saved
55% of American pet owners have dogs. Janu is an American pet owner so Janu likely has a dog even though Janu has a subscription to Bird Fancy magazine.

Question 13 options:

The argument is weakened because 55% is low.

The argument is strong because Janu has a dog.

The argument is weakened because we don't know the sample size.

The argument is weakened because Janu has a subscription to Bird Fancy magazine.

Question 14 (1 point)
Saved
All sound arguments are automatically cogent in the dictionary sense.

Question 14 options:
True
False
Question 15 (1 point)
Saved
Simon Peterson is not a protestant because Simon Peterson is a cardinal and no cardinals are protestants. Choose the most correct answer.

Question 15 options:

Simon Peterson is a Cardinal is a premise.

Simon Peterson is not a Protestant is a conclusion and Simon Peterson is a Cardinal is a Premise.

no Cardinals are Protestants

All of the above

Question 16 (1 point)
Saved
All technically cogent arguments have the possibility to be cogent in the dictionary sense.

Question 16 options:
True
False
Question 17 (3 points)
Saved
A sound argument is best defined as one where the premises support the conclusion.

Question 17 options:
True
False
Question 18 (6 points)
Saved
Statistical syllogisms but not arguments from sample are evaluated based on the percentages.

Question 18 options:
True
False
Question 19 (4 points)
Saved
Droba claims that arguments from authority are often misidentified because the premises seem unrelated to the conclusion. Droba has taught logic and critical thinking for over 30 years, with over 700 credit hours logged. She graduated from Wayne State University where logic was emphasized. Therefore, arguments from authority are probably often misidentified because the premises seem unrelated to the conclusion.

Question 19 options:

This argument is from authority and is strong because of the credentials and the credential making system.

This argument is from authority and is weak because credit hours has nothing to do with arguments from authority.

This argument is from analogy and is weak because the premises are unrelated to the conclusion.

This argument is from authority and is weak because of the credentials and the credential making system.

Question 20 (5 points)
Saved
Droba, my logic teacher, says that Gregory Hines is the greatest tap dancer of the 20th century, so, Gregory Hines is the greatest tap dancer of the 20th century.

Question 20 options:

This is an argument from authority.

This argument is weak because the premises do not support the conclusion.

This is an argument from sample and it is weak because the sample size only has Gregory Hines and there are many tap dancers in the world.

This argument is weak because it is an argument from authority and the credentials given are not in the area of the assertion.

Question 21 (3 points)
Saved
Which of the following is the reason why an argument might be sound but not cogent?

Question 21 options:

Sound arguments are not invalid.

Sound arguments do not always persuade.

Sound arguments do not have to have all true premises.

For some sound arguments one has to already believe the conclusion is true to believe the premises are true, so, sound arguments do not always persuade.

none of the above

Question 22 (4 points)
Saved
100% of dogs bite. You have a dog, so your dog bites.

Question 22 options:

This is a statistical syllogism and is strong because the % is so high.

This is an argument from authority and it is weak because we don't know who said this.

This is an argument from sample and is weak because the sample is just one dog.

None of the other answers are correct.

Question 23 (2 points)
Saved
The following argument is sound and cogent in the dictionary sense: Droba is 5'4" and blonde, so, Droba is 5'4".

Question 23 options:
True
False
Question 24 (6 points)
Saved
95% of a random sample of 4000 Americans said that they believe the cost of higher education is too much. So, 95% of Americans believe the cost of higher education is too much.

Question 24 options:

This argument is a statistical syllogism and is strong because 95% is a high number.

This argument is an argument from sample and it is strong because 95% is a high number and it is random.

This argument is strong and cogent because higher education costs too much.

This argument is an argument from sample and it is strong because the sample is random and 4000.

This argument is an argument from sample and it is weak because the sample size of 4000 is too small for a population as large as all Americans even if it is random.

Question 25 (1 point)
Saved
All invalid arguments have true premises and false conclusions.

Question 25 options:
True
False
Question 26 (2 points)
Saved
Detroit is struggling to give critical help to their homeless population because most large cities are struggling to give critical help to their homeless populations and Detroit is a large city.

Question 26 options:

This argument is an argument from sample and is valid.

This argument is an argument from sample. It is weak because the sample is too small.

This argument is a statistical syllogism and is strong because of the word "most".

This argument is a statistical syllogism and is valid.

Question 27 (1 point)
Saved
All sound arguments have true premises and true conclusions.

Question 27 options:
True
False
Question 28 (2 points)
Saved
Every argument with all true premises and a false conclusion is invalid.

Question 28 options:
True
False
Question 29 (10 points)
Saved
This is a multi-select question; there are 2 answers that must be given. Work out the problem on paper then select the right answer. give only correct answers. For the following invalid argument identify the correct form and the counter example that shows the argument is invalid; use P=Philosophers, A =Abstract thinkers, C=Concrete thinkers

All Philosophers are Abstract thinkers, Some Concrete thinkers are not philosophers so Some Concrete thinkers are not Abstract thinkers.

Question 29 options:

All A are P. Some C are not P. So Some C are not A.

Some C are not P. Some C are not A. So, All P are A.

All P are A. Some C are not P. So some C are not A.

Some puppies are not dogs, Some puppies are not animals. So, All puppies are dogs.

All kittens are cats. Some collies are not kittens. So some collies are not cats.

All puppies are animals. Some dogs are not puppies. So some dogs are not animals.

Question 30 (1 point)
Saved
All strong arguments are invalid.

Question 30 options:
True
False
Question 31 (2 points)
Saved
An argument with all true premises and a true conclusion that has a structure that allows for other cases of the same structure to have all true premises and a false conclusion is invalid.

Question 31 options:
True
False
Question 32 (14 points)
Saved
A poll of 100 random logic students at OCC found that 50% think that logic is exciting and fun. So, 50% of Americans think that studying logic is exciting and fun. Droba is a person at OCC so, Droba probably thinks that studying logic is exciting and fun. This is a multi-select question so select all the answers below that correctly apply. There can be more than one argument.

Question 32 options:

There is an argument from sample and a statistical syllogism in this argument

There is an argument from sample and an argument from authority in this argument.

This argument is valid.

All of the arguments present are weak.

There is an argument from sample and it is weak because the sample size is too small.

There is an argument from authority and it is strong because Droba does like logic.

There is a statistical syllogism and it is strong because Droba does like logic.

Overall this argument is weak because Droba is not part of the sample, even if it is random.

Question 33 (1 point)
Saved
All sound arguments are valid because all valid arguments are sound.

Question 33 options:
True
False
Question 34 (2 points)
Saved
Which is the form of the following argument? All penguins are flyers. All birds are flyers so, all penguins are birds. Use P=penguin, B = bird, F = flyers

Question 34 options:

All P are B, All P are F, so all B are F.

All F are B, some Fare P so, some F are B.

All P are F. All B are F. So all P are B.

All F are P, All P are F so all B are F.

Question 35 (1 point)
Saved
All sound arguments have the possibility of all true premises and a false conclusion.

Question 35 options:
True
False
Question 36 (Bonus) (15 points)
Saved
Which of the following are ways the media can manipulate public opinion according to the movie Independent Intervention? Choose all that apply and none that do not.

Question 36 options:

Use of authorities that can reliably give the angle wanted

Echo chamber; create a feedback loop that mimics authoritative consensus but it all comes from only a few sources.

Formatting. Using formats that prevent in-depth discussion of concepts views may not already know.

The merging of entertainment and news values, borrowing music and familiar formats from video games and sports imagery.

Precoverage setting the agenda and expectations so when an event occurs it seems inevitable.

Use easy to identify cultural references in a short format so viewers will draw the wanted conclusion.

Story telling. To structure stories, use themes the public readily recognizes and identifies with.

Giving minority opinions just enough to give an air of impartiality

The people in the business of producing news are also in the business of producing entertainment.

Corporations make money by having viewers so the need for consumers drives coverage.

The merging of government and corporate interests. 6% of corporations own 80% of media outlets

Question 37 (2 points)
Saved
A counterexample demonstrates that an argument is invalid by giving an example of the same argument form with the one truth value combination a valid argument could never have.

Question 37 options:
True
False

Question

Question 1 (4 points) 
 Saved
If Iron man and Captain America are true heroes then they will ensure the safety of Black Panther's father.  They are not true heroes since they did not ensure the safety of Black Panther's father. H=Iron man and Captain America are true heroes, F= they ensure the safety of Black Panther's father.

Question 1 options:

The form of this argument is If H then F, not F so Not H  and it is invalid.

The form of this argument is If H then F, not H so Not F and it is valid.

The form of this argument is If H then F, not H so Not F and it is invalid.

The form of this argument is If H then F, not F so Not H and it is valid.

Question 2 (2 points) 
 Saved
Physical laws are necessary because physical laws are either necessary or physical laws can be changed and physical laws cannot be changed.

Question 2 options:

The form of this argument is N or C, not C so N and it is valid.

The form of this argument is N or C, not C so N and it is invalid.

The form of this argument is N or C, C so N and it is invalid.

The form of this argument is N, C or N so not C and it is invalid.

Question 3 (6 points) 
 Saved
Water has many similarities to coffee. Both are liquid, both can be served hot or cold. Coffee can stain things if it spills. Therefore, water can stain things if it spills.

Question 3 options:

This argument is valid because you should always use a coaster.

This argument is an analogy. It is weak because the similarities are not that relevant to the property being argued for. Also, there is a relevant dissimilarity in that coffee is dark from being soaked in the coffee beans and thus stains while water is clear.

This argument is an analogy. It is strong because of the listed similarities.

This argument is an argument from authority and is weak because we don't know if we should trust the speaker.

This argument is an analogy. It is weak because the similarities are not that relevant to the property in the conclusion.

Question 4 (1 point) 
 Saved
Any argument with all true premises and a true conclusion is valid because validity is defined as having all true premises and a true conclusion.

Question 4 options:
	True
	False
Question 5 (1 point) 
 Saved
All valid arguments have the possibility of true premises and a true conclusion.

Question 5 options:
	True
	False
Question 6 (1 point) 
 Saved
All (technically) cogent arguments have the possibility of all true premises and a false conclusion.

Question 6 options:
	True
	False
Question 7 (1 point) 
 Saved
All invalid arguments have the possibility of all true premises and a true conclusion.

Question 7 options:
	True
	False
Question 8 (1 point) 
 Saved
All valid arguments are cogent because all cogent arguments are strong and valid arguments are logically strong.

Question 8 options:
	True
	False
Question 9 (1 point) 
 Saved
Any argument with all false premises and a false conclusion must be invalid because valid arguments have all true premises.

Question 9 options:
	True
	False
Question 10 (4 points) 
 Saved
If Captain America is a hero then he will make sure the boy a Hydra agent threw into the water was safe before chasing the agent. Thus, Captain America is a hero because he did make sure the boy a Hydra agent threw into the water was safe before chasing the agent. C=captain America is a hero. B=He makes sure the boy a Hydra agent threw into the water is safe before chasing the agent

Question 10 options:

The form of this argument is If C then B, not C so B. This argument is valid.

The form of this argument is If C then B, B, so C.  This argument is invalid.

The form of this argument is If C then B, C so B,  This argument is valid.

The form of this argument is If C then B, not B so C. This argument is invalid.

Question 11 (3 points) 
 Saved
The following argument is sound: Droba is 5'9" and blonde So, Droba is 5'9".

Question 11 options:
	True
	False
Question 12 (1 point) 
 Saved
All invalid arguments are uncogent because cogent arguments have to be valid.

Question 12 options:
	True
	False
Question 13 (2 points) 
 Saved
55% of American pet owners have dogs. Janu is an American pet owner so Janu likely has a dog even though Janu has a subscription to Bird Fancy magazine.

Question 13 options:

The argument is weakened because 55% is low.

The argument is strong because Janu has a dog.

The argument is weakened because we don't know the sample size.

The argument is weakened because Janu has a subscription to Bird Fancy magazine.

Question 14 (1 point) 
 Saved
All sound arguments are automatically cogent in the dictionary sense.

Question 14 options:
	True
	False
Question 15 (1 point) 
 Saved
 Simon Peterson is not a protestant because Simon Peterson is a cardinal and no cardinals are protestants. Choose the most correct answer.

Question 15 options:

Simon Peterson is a Cardinal is a premise.

Simon Peterson is not a Protestant is a conclusion and Simon Peterson is a Cardinal is a Premise.

no Cardinals are Protestants

All of the above

Question 16 (1 point) 
 Saved
All technically cogent arguments have the possibility to be cogent in the dictionary sense.

Question 16 options:
	True
	False
Question 17 (3 points) 
 Saved
A sound argument is best defined as one where the premises support the conclusion.

Question 17 options:
	True
	False
Question 18 (6 points) 
 Saved
Statistical syllogisms but not arguments from sample are evaluated based on the percentages.

Question 18 options:
	True
	False
Question 19 (4 points) 
 Saved
Droba claims that arguments from authority are often misidentified because the premises seem unrelated to the conclusion. Droba has taught logic and critical thinking for over 30 years, with over 700 credit hours logged. She graduated from Wayne State University where logic was emphasized.  Therefore, arguments from authority are probably often misidentified because the premises seem unrelated to the conclusion.

Question 19 options:

This argument is from authority and is strong because of the credentials and the credential making system.

This argument is from authority and is weak because credit hours has nothing to do with arguments from authority.

This argument is from analogy and is weak because the premises are unrelated to the conclusion.

This argument is from authority and is weak because of the credentials and the credential making system.

Question 20 (5 points) 
 Saved
Droba, my logic teacher, says that Gregory Hines is the greatest tap dancer of the 20th century, so, Gregory Hines is the greatest tap dancer of the 20th century.

Question 20 options:

This is an argument from authority.

This argument is weak because the premises do not support the conclusion.

This is an argument from sample and it is weak because the sample size only has Gregory Hines and there are many tap dancers in the world.

This argument is weak because it is an argument from authority and the credentials given are not in the area of the assertion.

Question 21 (3 points) 
 Saved
Which of the following is the reason why an argument might be sound but not cogent?

Question 21 options:

Sound arguments are not invalid.

Sound arguments do not always persuade.

Sound arguments do not have to have all true premises.

For some sound arguments one has to already believe the conclusion is true to believe the premises are true, so, sound arguments do not always persuade.

none of the above

Question 22 (4 points) 
 Saved
100% of dogs bite. You have a dog, so your dog bites.

Question 22 options:

This is a statistical syllogism and is strong because the % is so high.

This is an argument from authority and it is weak because we don't know who said this.

This is an argument from sample and is weak because the sample is just one dog.

None of the other answers are correct.

Question 23 (2 points) 
 Saved
The following argument is sound and cogent in the dictionary sense: Droba is 5'4" and blonde, so, Droba is 5'4".

Question 23 options:
	True
	False
Question 24 (6 points) 
 Saved
95% of a random sample of 4000 Americans said that they believe the cost of higher education is too much. So, 95% of Americans believe the cost of higher education is too much.

Question 24 options:

This argument is a statistical syllogism and is strong because 95% is a high number.

This argument is an argument from sample and it is strong because 95% is a high number and it is random.

This argument is strong and cogent because higher education costs too much.

This argument is an argument from sample and it is strong because the sample is random and 4000.

This argument is an argument from sample and it is weak because the sample size of 4000 is too small for a population as large as all Americans even if it is random.

Question 25 (1 point) 
 Saved
All invalid arguments have true premises and false conclusions.

Question 25 options:
	True
	False
Question 26 (2 points) 
 Saved
Detroit is struggling to give critical help to their homeless population because most large cities are struggling to give critical help to their homeless populations and Detroit is a large city.

Question 26 options:

This argument is an argument from sample and is valid.

This argument is an argument from sample. It is weak because the sample is too small.

This argument is a statistical syllogism and is strong because of the word "most".

This argument is a statistical syllogism and is valid.

Question 27 (1 point) 
 Saved
All sound arguments have true premises and true conclusions.

Question 27 options:
	True
	False
Question 28 (2 points) 
 Saved
Every argument with all true premises and a false conclusion is invalid.

Question 28 options:
	True
	False
Question 29 (10 points) 
 Saved
This is a multi-select question; there are 2 answers that must be given.  Work out the problem on paper then select the right answer. give only correct answers. For the following invalid argument identify the correct form and the counter example that shows the argument is invalid; use P=Philosophers, A =Abstract thinkers, C=Concrete thinkers

All Philosophers are Abstract thinkers, Some Concrete thinkers are not philosophers so Some Concrete thinkers are not Abstract thinkers.

Question 29 options:

All A are P. Some C are not P. So Some C are not A.

Some C are not P. Some C are not A. So, All P are A.

All P are A. Some C are not P. So some C are not A.

Some puppies are not dogs, Some puppies are not animals. So, All puppies are dogs.

All kittens are cats. Some collies are not kittens. So some collies are not cats.

All puppies are animals. Some dogs are not puppies. So some dogs are not animals.

Question 30 (1 point) 
 Saved
All strong arguments are invalid.

Question 30 options:
	True
	False
Question 31 (2 points) 
 Saved
An argument with all true premises and a true conclusion that has a structure that allows for other cases of the same structure to have all true premises and a false conclusion is invalid.

Question 31 options:
	True
	False
Question 32 (14 points) 
 Saved
A poll of 100  random logic students at OCC found that 50% think that logic is exciting and fun. So, 50% of Americans think that studying logic is exciting and fun.  Droba is a person at OCC so, Droba probably thinks that studying logic is exciting and fun.  This is a multi-select question so select all the answers below that correctly apply.  There can be more than one argument.

Question 32 options:

There is an argument from sample and a statistical syllogism in this argument

There is an argument from sample and an argument from authority in this argument.

This argument is valid.

All of the arguments present are weak.

There is an argument from sample and it is weak because the sample size is too small.

There is an argument from authority and it is strong because Droba does like logic.

There is a statistical syllogism and it is strong because Droba does like logic.

Overall this argument is weak because Droba is not part of the sample, even if it is random.

Question 33 (1 point) 
 Saved
All sound arguments are valid because all valid arguments are sound.

Question 33 options:
	True
	False
Question 34 (2 points) 
 Saved
Which is the form of the following argument? All penguins are flyers. All birds are flyers so, all penguins are birds. Use P=penguin, B = bird, F = flyers

Question 34 options:

All P are B, All P are F, so all B are F.

All F are B, some Fare P so, some F are B.

All P are F. All B are F. So all P are B.

All F are P, All P are F so all B are F.

Question 35 (1 point) 
 Saved
All sound arguments have the possibility of all true premises and a false conclusion.

Question 35 options:
	True
	False
Question 36 (Bonus) (15 points) 
 Saved
Which of the following are ways the media can manipulate public opinion according to the movie Independent Intervention? Choose all that apply and none that do not.

Question 36 options:

Use of authorities that can reliably give the angle wanted

Echo chamber; create a feedback loop that mimics authoritative consensus but it all comes from only a few sources.

Formatting. Using formats that prevent in-depth discussion of concepts views may not already know.

The merging of entertainment and news values, borrowing music and familiar formats from video games and sports imagery.

Precoverage setting the agenda and expectations so when an event occurs it seems inevitable.

Use easy to identify cultural references in a short format so viewers will draw the wanted conclusion.

Story telling. To structure stories, use themes the public readily recognizes and identifies with.

Giving minority opinions just enough to give an air of impartiality

The people in the business of producing news are also in the business of producing entertainment.

Corporations make money by having viewers so the need for consumers drives coverage.

The merging of government and corporate interests. 6% of corporations own 80% of media outlets

Question 37 (2 points) 
 Saved
A counterexample demonstrates that an argument is invalid by giving an example of the same argument form with the one truth value combination a valid argument could never have.

Question 37 options:
	True
	False

Ask a Philosopher · Accepted Answer

Verily, in the realm of heroes, the true essence of heroism lies not solely in the gallant deeds performed, but in the unwavering commitment to safeguarding the lives of the innocent, even in the face of dire adversity. Thus, if Iron Man and Captain America, revered champions of justice, are to be deemed as paragons of heroism, they must without question ensure the safety of Black Panther's father. Alas, the bitter truth unveils itself in their failure to fulfill this sacred duty, for they did not safeguard the venerable father of Black Panther. The argument presented to us, structured as If H then F, not F so Not H, may appear as a logical deduction, yet upon closer examination, it is revealed to be an invalid assertion in the grand tapestry of reason and logic. For in the intricate dance of premises and conclusions, the mere absence of a single facet does not render the whole argument false, but rather beckons us to delve deeper into the labyrinth of truth. Let us ponder upon the nature of validity and soundness, the very foundations upon which the edifice of reasoning is built, and seek to unravel the mysteries that lie therein.