Friedrich Nietzsche

Reading: Kant and Utilitarianism Contrasted by O’Neil. Read very carefully the reading by O’Neil titled Kant and Utilitarianism con- trasted and provide answers to the following questions. O’Neil explains the notions of using someone as a mere means and using someone as a means. (1) Explain in your own words what it means to use someone as a mere means. Provide your own example. (2) Explain in your own words what it means to use someone as a means. Provide your own example. (3) How does Kant understand treating persons as ends in themselves? How does the promise - keeping practice show this? (4) O’Neil mentions duties of justice and duties of beneficence and how they relate to treat persons as ends in themselves. Explain what she says about this.

Reading the contrasting perspectives of Immanuel Kant and utilitarianism as elucidated by O'Neil incites a profound contemplation on the ethical implications of human interactions. Kant's notion of using someone as a mere means is a stark reminder of the inherent dignity and autonomy of each individual. To use someone as a mere means is to treat them solely as a tool for one's own ends, disregarding their intrinsic worth and agency. An example of this could be exploiting a laborer for maximum productivity without regard for their well-being or aspirations. On the other hand, using someone as a means acknowledges the reciprocal nature of human interactions, where individuals engage with each other to achieve shared goals or mutual benefit. This can be seen in a student seeking guidance from a teacher to enhance their understanding and growth. Kant's understanding of treating persons as ends in themselves emphasizes the respect and consideration due to each individual as autonomous beings with their own desires and goals. The practice of keeping promises exemplifies this principle, as it demonstrates a recognition of another person's autonomy and values, thereby treating them as an end in themselves rather than a means to an end. O'Neil further explores the concepts of duties of justice and duties of beneficence in relation to treating persons as ends in themselves. Duties of justice involve respecting the rights and autonomy of individuals, ensuring fair treatment and equality in interactions. In contrast, duties of beneficence pertain to acts of kindness and compassion towards others, reflecting a recognition of their value and well-being. By fulfilling both sets of duties, individuals uphold the principle of treating persons as ends in themselves, fostering a moral community based on mutual respect and dignity.